Thursday, January 30, 2020
Personal goal and professional goal Essay Example for Free
Personal goal and professional goal Essay Submit a statement that discusses your career goals, as well as the factors that led you to select the Mid-Career MPA program as a means of furthering your personal and professional goals. Be as specific as possible in describing how your expected course of study will enable you to build on your prior professional experience and achieve these goals (750 word limit). Economic development and welfare of the people are the natural fit with my personality traits from my childhood which allowed me to choose the highest level of Federal Civil Service Examination of India and got selected in this merit based competitive examination. Candidates with different To get the blend of all the fields I was the class monitor up to class 5th; class president from 6th to 11th class to conduct the weekly debates, secretary of the scientific society in college, in Studentsââ¬â¢ Union at Indian School of Mines, club secretary in Ordnance Factory, and secretary, Residence Welfare Association. I was in National Cadet Corps and Junior Red Cross Society. After completing the schooling and graduation with merit scholarships I joined Indian School of Mines, the premier Institute for Earth science for Masters in applied Geology through national competition. Selected in National Education Test of UGC and with a scholarship from Council for Scientific and Industrial Research I completed M. Phil. Initially, 12 years I have worked in middle level management in various Defence production units mainly in the field of Administration, Industrial Relations, Human Resources, Estate and store. I got one year exposure in policy issues in Higher Technical Education. As the head of Coal Mines provident Fund Organization (CMPFO) for two years, I sought to improve the public service to benefit 7.5 lakh coal workers in the field of provident funds and pensions bringing reforms in a mission mode. SAP ERP was implemented in the organization which was first in govt. department in India. A bench mark was created in engaging multiple Fund Managers leading to transparency and fair competition. I had the exposure of Board level management in Mineral Exploration Corporation limited, a pan India Company as Director. Four years under my leadership, as the country head of computerization at Employeesââ¬â¢ Provident Fund Organization (EPFO), the organization transformed from manual environment to fully computerized system. All receipts and payments of PF and pension became online making the life of 50 million poor workers easy removing all paper returns. The interactions are now through web and SMS reducing the footfalls of workers and employers in EPFO offices. 6 years, while working with the Federal Ministers for Water Resources, Rural Development and as the Director in coal ministry of Government of India, I have actively participated in development of macro level policies, its formulation and implementation. To name a few are; the National Water Policy, Land Use Policy for Inclusive Economic Development, Drinking Water and Sanitation, Corporate Social responsibility in coal sector, re-engagement of ex-service personnel in coal transportation, Poverty Eradication through National Rural Employment Guaranty Act to meet the Millennium Development Goal, programme were massive initiatives of the Government. I have played important role in the planning and monitoring of execution of such policy options. Additionally, I have been deeply engaged in my advisory role to the ministers to address the political and other socio-economic development issues of the different political provinces of India. Now I am working in top level management of Ordnance Equipment Factory, a Defence production Unit of India. The Mason program is intended to provide the analytical and leadership skills to implement major social and economic change. It has the sessions on experience sharing, strategic management, communication, and policy decision making. The curriculum also includes the applied economics, quantitative analysis, political institutions and globalisation. My extensive experience in multiple roles in different government departments of India will provide a good fit to contribute during the MPA programme as a Mason Fellow. My in-depth knowledge in important streams of public work will further allow me to perform effectively during my academic work at Harvard. I have credible track record of having developed and fostered enhanced level of partnership and cooperation between the stakeholders engaged in the faster socio-economic growth of India. I have demonstrated leadership skills by initiating several joint institution development activities with government, which all will be honed through a formal exposure to a MPA programme at Harvard. I have dreamt and aspired lately to be a Mason Fellow and would accomplish my personal goals of doing public good with improved knowledge and competence. I seek to join a mid career management course in public administration to sharpen my ideas in consonance with the emerging National and International Economic Scenario. I strongly feel MPA under Mason Programme, would provide me this opportunity to upgrade my capacity and equip me with latest management techniques. As I grow in my career, I would be required to take more responsibility and be associated in major policy making issues in govt. in the country.
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
Ladies Fashion Clothing Boutique Essay example -- Research Analysis, L
Throughout this essay, a thorough analysis will be made in relation to specific research on cultures of work in a particular work place. The workplace that will be focused on throughout this essay is a ladies fashion boutique. The main argument will focus on discourses of management throughout the concepts of what is considered as work in the retail sector, how the working environment is managed throughout the fashion industry, commitment in the workplace and relationship of teamwork. All these aspects of work will be tied in together to form a research based argument in relation to the fashion boutique. In order to produce a contextual framework of the notion of work, research will be based on primary research from an interview with the manager of the ladies fashion boutique and observations of the boutique. Throughout the use of the interviewing being incorporated into this essay, theoretical concepts and scholarly articles will be used to back up the focus on discourses of managem ent within the perspective of what is considered as work in the work place. Due to ethical reasons, I will be making reference to the manager of the boutique by the name of Anna. In reference to the notion of work within the ladies fashion boutique, before focusing on that, firstly a brief overview about the company, the workplace and what it provides to customers and the fashion industry. The ladies fashion company offers a diverse range of fashion clothing and accessories for contemporary Australian woman. The wide clothing range caters for women that are 25 years of age and up as well as offering sizes ranged from 8 to 16 to suit their individual needs. The retail sector has become a significant focus throughout the fashion industry and the way... ...ries to consumers. In conclusion, throughout this essay, it has become evident that there are various discourses of management within the workplace environment. Specifically, in relation the Ladies Fashion Clothing Boutique being the main case study throughout the above discussion in overall relation to the topic of cultures of work within the workplace environment. Thorough contextual research has been analysed and discussed in relation to what is considered as work, commitment in the workplace and the notion of teamwork within the workplace, all in accordance to the above relevant case study. Evidently, inclusion of primary research methods from interview questions and observations of the workplace have thoroughly been put into context with theoretical concepts within cultures of work as well as consistent support from scholarly articles and books.
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Old and New Government Accounting Distinguished
OLD AND NEW GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM DISTINGUISHED | OLD| NEW|Accounting Entries| * Manual * Maintains numerous special journals with several wide columns| * Computerized * Simplified and updated accounting system| Commission on Audit| Journalizes the appropriation and allotment released by the Department of Budget & Management | No longer journalizes the appropriation and allotment released by the Department of Budget & Management | Bureau of Treasury| Accounting rules & regulations pertaining to cash operations, collections, remittances and disbursements are issued by the COA, jointly or with the concurrence of Department of Finance and the Department of Budget & Management. | Bureau of Treasury maintains the Registry of NCA & Replenishments (RENREP) for control & monitoring of NCA bank transfers released by the Department of Budget & Management. Government Agency| * Does not journalize the Notice of Cash Allocation (NCA) it receives which in effect, identifies the share of age ncy in the income of the national government. * Journalizes its appropriations and allotments. | * Now journalizes the Notice of Cash Allocation (NCA) it receives which in effect, identifies the share of agency in the income of the national government. * No longer journalize its appropriations and allotments; instead it shall maintain the ff. : Registry of Allotments and Obligations- Personal Services (RAOPS), Registry of Allotments and Obligations- Maintenance and other Operating Expenses (RAOMO), Registry of Allotments and Obligations- Capital Outlay (RAOCO), Registry of Allotments and Obligations- Financial Expenses (RAOFE). Basis of Accounting * Expenses * Income and Revenue| Accrual & Cash Basis shall be taken up in the accounts of that year recognized when earned except in case of taxes, where revenues that remain unrealized at the close of the fiscal year shall not be recognized| Modified Accrual Basis recognized when incurred & reported in the F/S shall be recognized on accr ual basis except for transactions where accrual basis is impractical or when other methods are required by law| Fund| All income accruing to the agencies shall accrue to the General Fund of the government and all money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose shall be treated as Special Fund. | Adopts one fund concept and that is the General Fund| Chart of Accounts & Coding Structure| * Six-digit account numbering system * There are contingent accounts. * Expenditures charged to capital outlay are classified as expenses. | * Three-digit account numbering system * There are no longer contingent accounts. * Expenditures charged to capital outlay are classified as expenses. Books of Original Entries| Journal of Collections & Deposits, Journal of Disbursements, Journal of Checks, Issued, Journal & Analysis of Obligations & Journal of Bills are being used| ââ¬â no longer used, only the General Journal shall be used namely (1) Cash Receipt Journal, (2) Cash Journal, (3) Check Disbursements Journal and (4) Cash Disbursements Journal| Trial Balance| Four-money column listings of all general ledger accounts used in the operations of the agency, whether, the accounts are with or without balance| Two-money column| Financial Expenses| Recognized as components of Maintenance & Other Operating Expenses (MOOE)| Shall be separately classified from Maintenance & Other Operating Expenses (MOOE)| Contingent Accounts| Used to record claims for accounts in dispute| No longer be used, all financial transactions shall be recorded using the appropriate accounts| Corollary Entry & Negative Journal Entries| Being used| Discontinued | Journals used| Cash Journal and General Journal are used together with the ledgers by both books. | With the implementation of the computerized agency accounting system, only the General Journal shall be used together with the ledgers by both books. |
Monday, January 6, 2020
William Shakespeare s Macbeth - 1492 Words
For my essay four I decided to read ââ¬Å"Macbethâ⬠by William Shakespeare. The first time I read it, I kind of understood what it was about, but didnââ¬â¢t really understand it that well. So after doing some research about William Shakespeare and ââ¬Å"Macbeth,â⬠I re-read ââ¬Å"Macbeth,â⬠as well as watched the movie. After this I wondered what William Shakespeare was trying to portray by writing ââ¬Å"Macbethâ⬠. At first I thought that he was trying to present the audience with an experience of himself or he was writing about someone else, but after conducting some research I realized that there were many reasons why he could have written Macbeth. Before I begin talking about what I found in my research let me tell you what the tragedy of ââ¬Å"Macbethâ⬠is about. Itâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This makes it seem as if they are at the service of the King and will do what he wants them to do. According to the article ââ¬Å"James Iâ⬠he was a man who was very interested in the supernatural and knew a lot about witchcraft (Matthew,1). He knew so much that he even wrote a book called Daemonologie. This is very interesting because Shakespeare begins Macbeth with three witches and has them be important characters all throughout the play. This shows that there was some connection between Macbeth and Shakespeare trying to please the king. Another thing that I though was pretty interesting about the way in which Shakespeare wrote this piece was that the character Macbeth becomes king of Scotland and not England. This kind of does not make sense because Shakespeare was from England and King James was from Scotland. While I was not able to find much about this online I think that with a little more interpretation of the text and looking a little more at what Shakespeare says in the play I think that I can find more connection points in order to make this a valid statement. While looking up the real Macbeth in the article ââ¬Å" Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Sources for Macbethâ⬠it mentioned ââ¬Å"that the attention that Shakespeare payed to Macbeths conscience would have been of particular interest to King James because he was also very interested in things that had to do with the human conscience that he even wrote a book to his son called Basilicon Doron whereShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1363 Words à |à 6 PagesMacbeth is without a doubt one of the most captivating plays, in my opinion written by William Shakespeare. Throughout this play there is definitely a numerous amount of things that can catch your attention, whether it is a trio of witches appearing, committing murder, or keeping secrets. However, what really catches my attention is the way Shakespeare uses language and unique style to create a distinct mood, and reveal charactersââ¬â¢ inner thoughts. In the play Macbeth written by William ShakespeareRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 884 Words à |à 4 PagesMacbeth Su mmary - Act 5 Scenes 1 - 9 Written by Josh, Corey, Sinead, Phoebe and Mason Phoebe Scene 1: So the first scene begins with a physician overseeing Lady Macbeth sleepwalking and muttering to herself while rubbing her hands, trying to remove the imaginary blood. ââ¬ËHereââ¬â¢s the smell of the blood still: all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.ââ¬â¢ (Act 5 Scene 1 Lines 11-12) This line is important as it represents Lady Macbeth at war with herself and shows she will never moveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1289 Words à |à 6 Pages 2015 Macbeth Literary Essay In this 16th century, classic play about a man hungry for power by William Shakespeare there are many intense instances of symbolism used to demonstrate and prove Macbethââ¬â¢s feelings and behaviour throughout the book. Good symbolism makes you feel what the character feels when reading a story. In the story, ââ¬Å"Macbethâ⬠, Macbeth is shown to be a sly and deceiving person who betrayed his kingdom for his own gain. Three important symbols used to show Macbeth s greed andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1652 Words à |à 7 PagesMacbeth is one of William Shakespeare s most famous tragedies, it is believed to have been written and first performed in 1606. Sources indicate that the play was written to appease King James I, who had ascended to the throne after Queen Elizabeth I. The play tells a tale of a brave Scottish Thane named Macbeth, whose thirst for power brought him to murder Duncan, the King of Scotland, only to become a tyrant, and have his actions lea d to his eventual demise as the tragic hero. Throughout the playRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1129 Words à |à 5 PagesWindsor 02/10/16 Macbeth William Shakespeare wrote one of best tragedies in english literature, which was titled Macbeth. The tragedy, as it is considered by critics of yesterday s literary world, frown upon the evil dimension of conflict, offering a dark and atmosphere of a world dominated by the powers of darkness. Macbeth, more so than any of Shakespeare s other tragic protagonists, has to face the powers and decide: should he give in or should he resist? Macbeth understands theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1909 Words à |à 8 PagesKing Jamesââ¬â¢ court, none more so than William Shakespeare, who was writing some of his best plays in that time. The most well known of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s plays produced in the Jacobean Era was Macbeth. Macbeth tells the tale of Macbeth, a thane of Scotland, and his descent to madness. One of the characters of this play, Banquo, was also a prominent lord in Scotland, a lord King James believed he was descended from. It seems evident in that in t he play, Shakespeare used his portrayal of Banquo to flatterRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Essay1406 Words à |à 6 PagesMacbeth Essay Since the beginning of time people looked up to the stars asking Gods their fate. Fate is a belief, that there is a set path for an event that is both unavoidable and inevitable, that there is a fixed natural order to the cosmos. In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, viewers can observe fate or (prophecy) playing a major role. William Shakespeare was born April 1564 and died May 1616, during his life Shakespeare wrote 37 plays, and 157 sonnets, Shakespeare is also knownRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Draft1040 Words à |à 5 PagesStuart Wodzro Honours English 9, Block 2 Shakespeare Essay February 26, 2016 MacBeth Draft No. 3 The strive for power is a human impulse, perhaps even a primitive compulsion. And, in the case of human beings at least, the impulse is not restricted solely to the necessities of life. Beings are devoted to gaining raw power itself and, through it, they loses themselves. As one may know, the lust for power is a mode of selfishness, where at one attempts to gratify every passion, but alas pleonexiaRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth 1887 Words à |à 8 Pagesdisaster. ââ¬Å"Macbethââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare and is considered one of his darkest and most powerful works. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford -upon -avon, in Warwickshire and was baptized a few days later on 26 April 1566. William Shakespeare was educated at the local King Edward grammar school Stratford and is considered by many to be the greatest playwright of all time.(Bio.) In Macbeth, William Shakespeare used ambition to show us Lady Macbeth and Macbeth and t heirRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Essay1827 Words à |à 8 PagesEnglish IV DE/AP 24 January 2016 Macbeth Research Paper Although William Shakespeare is not historically accurate with his play Macbeth, there are many possible reasons as to why his historical interpretation differs from reality. He may have wished to flatter the king and, when taken into historical context, may have wished to warn others of the fate handed to those who would oppose the king. Although there are many differences between the play and history, Shakespeare remains truthful in some aspects
Sunday, December 29, 2019
Nuclear Fusion And Nuclear Energy Essay - 1638 Words
Introduction: à ¬Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom. Atoms are tiny particles that make up every object in the universe. There is enormous energy in the bonds that hold atoms together. Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity. But first the energy must be released. It can be released from atoms in two ways: nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. In nuclear fusion, energy is released when atoms are combined or fused together to form a larger atom. This is how the sun produces energy. In nuclear fission, atoms are split apart to form smaller atoms, releasing energy. Nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce electricity. Nuclear reactions involve changes in an atomââ¬â¢s nucleus and thus causes a change in the atom itself. Unlike normal chemical reactions that form molecules, nuclear reactions result in the transmutation of one element into a different isotope or a different element altogether. There are two types of nuclear reactions. The first is the radioactive decay of bonds within the nucleus that emit radiation as it decays or transforms to a more stable state. The second is the ââ¬Å"billiard ballâ⬠type of reactions, where the nucleus or a nuclear particle (like a proton) is slammed into by another nucleus or nuclear particle. Nuclear damage is explained as any injury to or the death, sickness or disease of a person; or damage to the environment including loss of property which arises from ionising radiation associated with a nuclearShow MoreRelatedNuclear Fusion As An Alternative Energy1937 Words à |à 8 PagesNuclear Fusion as an Alternative Energy Introduction Nowadays, electricity plays a huge role in many lives. We may not be able to touch electricity, but it touches our lives every day. From the time waking up in the morning until going to the bed at night, the daily life is dependent on electricity. Electricity has been traveling to homes, schools, businesses, industries. publics, and devices that improve on our livings. According to a study, there are only 1.3 million out of 5.4 billion peopleRead MoreNuclear Energy, The Energy Released After Nuclear Fission Or Fusion1637 Words à |à 7 PagesPeriod 2 Senior Thesis Ferraro Nuclear energy, the energy released during nuclear fission or fusion, especially when used to generate electricity. Nuclear energy has been one of the biggest controversies, not only in the United States but also, around the world. The concept of what a civilization should be or consist of has changed dramatically over time. When man needed food, he hunted, when he needed shelter, he built a home, when he needed energy, ah, that is where he was stumped. ManyRead MoreNuclear Energy : Using Fusion Reactors And Breeder Reactors1410 Words à |à 6 PagesStudent Number: 201417008 NUCLEAR ENERGY Introduction Nuclear energy is the energy released in the nucleus of an atom during nuclear fission or fusion, and it also uses the fuel which makes from processed uranium and mined to generate electricity. There are some advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy. Firstly, the advantages are considered. It has the low pollution because the amount of greenhouse gases has reduces significantly as a result of the prevalence of nuclear power. It is also haveRead MoreNuclear Energy Is Energy Generated From The Fission Or Fusion Of Enriched Uranium1133 Words à |à 5 PagesNuclear Energy Jason Venturini April 6, 2016 What is nuclear energy? Nuclear energy is energy generated from the fission or fusion of enriched uranium. The power plants in which this type of energy is made are called nuclear power plants, but have many variations in how this energy is achieved. Almost all reactors use heat generated from the enriched uranium pellets to bring water to a boil, and use steam powered generators to create power. In Canada, the type of reactor used is called a PressurizedRead MoreOil Is Destroying The Environment ! - Argument Essay1328 Words à |à 6 PagesOil Is Destroying the Environment! - Argument Essay for the Use of Nuclear Fusion By: Bryanna Bergevin Oil has been used for centuries as the main source of energy in this country. It has been valued very high from that because it is very hard to find, and there s a limit of how much people can use. What if there was a time where this country could run out of oil? That wouldn t allow society to function properly, because of the rate were using oil now. The amount of oil burned also causes a hugeRead MoreThe Modern Lifestyle Requires Energy1146 Words à |à 5 PagesThe modern lifestyle requires energy. Industries need energy in their production; homes need energy to provide a comfortable environment. With the growing awareness of the need of environmental protection, however, there are debates about sources of energy. For the past centuries, fossil fuels have always been the most prominent source of energy generation, but it is certain that they will run out eventually. They are also criticized for polluting the environment and causing the global warming. ThereRead MoreThe Energy Sour ce Of Energy868 Words à |à 4 Pagesare the dominant source of energy, environmentalists and scientists are looking for alternative energy sources in the fear that fossil fuels will sooner or later become consumed by our energy needs. In the hunt to find a strong alternative energy source, scientists have reverted back to an old formula E=MC2. The indicated formula was first thought up by Albert Einstein to describe a part of general relativity in the paper ââ¬Å"Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?â⬠Furthermore, inRead MoreThe Physics Concepts And Principles Behind Nuclear Fusion1458 Words à |à 6 Pagesconcepts and principles behind nuclear Fusion, the advantages and disadvantages of fusion and whether nuclear fusion could be used in New Zealand. Also, this report outlines the comparison between Fusion and Fission. A fusion is when a reaction in light nuclei combines to form a nucleus with greater mass. Fusion can take place only under extremely high temperature conditions. Another name for this process is thermonuclear reaction. The process of nuclear fusion is important to the future of powerRead MoreDefinition of Key Terms Nuclear Power The use of nuclear processes (decay, fusion and fission) to600 Words à |à 3 PagesDefinition of Key Terms Nuclear Power The use of nuclear processes (decay, fusion and fission) to generate energy in the form of useful heat and electricity. Fission reactions are currently further developed than other methods of producing nuclear energy; however it is believed that once nuclear fusion reactors are successfully developed to the extent to which they can function and produce substantial energy, they can be the leading form of energy production as they are substantially safer, moreRead MoreNuclear Energy And Nuclear Power1705 Words à |à 7 PagesNew energy sources are invested in every year to produce heat and electricity for the citizens of the United States. However, nuclear power is becoming a much more urgent discussion topic. Nuclear power, or the use of nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity, contributes to nearly 20% of the electricity generated and used in America. According to the Department of Energy, the United States has invested 60 years of their time into nuclear power! But why h ave we done so? Well, the production
Friday, December 20, 2019
The City Of Glass By Tara Brach - 1041 Words
ââ¬Å"There is so much division in this world. So what is really the path of healing? It can begin in this moment, by embracing the life thatââ¬â¢s here,â⬠Tara Brach. In the book The City of Glass, the movie Divergent, and in today s society, people are told that they do not fit into a group and are forced to life on the outside. The City of Glass shows the main dystopian element of division of people into groups or castes. When Clary travels to Idris, the home of Shadowhunters, she quickly sees the separation. Luke, Claryââ¬â¢s step-father who is a Downworlder, gives her a traditional Shadowhunter coat, ââ¬Å"You know how they treat outsiders. Anything you can do to fit inâ⬠(10). Luke speaks from experience. He was once a Shadowhunter before he became a Downworlder. Now he is frowned upon in the city, and does not want the same for Clary. One character who supports dividing people into castes or groups is Valentine. He is Claryââ¬â¢s real father and is threatening Shadowhunters with war. When the Shadowhunters need help Luke suggests for them to team up with the Downworlders and put them on the Council, which is their form of government. ââ¬Å"Without the promise of seats on the Council, my people wonââ¬â¢t fight. They donââ¬â¢t have to love it. They just have to like it better than they l ike the idea of suicideâ⬠(340). Downworlders have never been part of the Shadowhunters community, let alone their government. They have to put aside their differences in order to defend themselves, and fight a common enemy.
Thursday, December 12, 2019
Rhododendron (625 words) Essay Example For Students
Rhododendron (625 words) Essay RhododendronTheplant rhododendron belongs to the family Ericaceae which also includes theHeath, and there are about eight-hundred fifty species which grow worldwide(Turner and Szczawinski, 171-2). The Heath family is a large one with so manyspecies, all of the poisonous species fall into two of its subfamilies, one ofwhich is the rhododendron. These cultivated plants occur naturally in temperateregions of the northern hemisphere and in the mountains of Southeast Asia. Theyare located in the Himalayas with seven-hundred species, southwest China, Burma,and in New Guinea with over three-hundred species (Turner and szczawinski, 172). It has been popular as ornaments in gardens and has led to a major horticulturalindustry with its widely uses in landscaping. There are twenty-seven speciesnative to North America, (Turner,172) and is the state plant of Washington. Thisspecific plant is called R. macrophyllum or the Pacific rhododendron (Pojar andMackinnon, 61). It forms a shrub layer in forests ranging from shoreline pinegroves to stands of Douglas-fir and western Hemlock up in the mountains. Usuallythey are located everywhere from homes to freeway sides and also in the forests. The rhododendron shows a great variety in size, habit, and flower color, colorsfrom white to pink, dark-purple, yellow, red, and orange (McKenzi,1). They rangefrom small shrubs to small trees with evergreen leaves that are leathery. Theleaves are short stalked, simple, and alternate, and the flowers are large,bell-shaped, and born in dense clusters. They are best grown on acidous soilwith a ph of 4.5 and 6.5, included with lots of moisture and organic material(McKenzie, 3). The leaves, flowers, pollen, and nectar of many rhododendronspecies contain several toxins (Kingsbury, 50). These toxins are calledgrayanotoxins or andromedotoxin, a resinoid carbohydrate (Kingsbury, 51). It isprevalent in the flower nectar, and has caused poisoning of bees and the honeyproduced. The symptoms are similar to both humans and all animals. The humancases are that in which children chew the leaves and get the poison in theirsystem, or when people drink tea made from the honey and plant (Abrahams, 2). I thas been reported that animals clip the leaves for boredom or when they gethungry, as food is short (U.S food and drug admin., 3). The rhododendron is abeautiful plant which lies outside homes for decorations. People should becomemore aware of its toxicity and should take precautions when handling them. Grayanotoxin The plant rhododendron contains several toxins called grayanotoxins. Other well known but former names are rhodotoxin, andromedotoxin, andacetylandrome (U.S. food and drug admin., 1). They are included in almost all ofthe species rhododendron. The name of the disease is honey intoxication, whichis caused by the consumption of honey produced (Abrahams 1). The grayanotoxinscause this intoxication, and the specific toxins vary with the plant species. Other names associated with this disease is rhododendron poisoning, mad honeintoxication or grayanotoxin poisoning. (U.S food and drug admin., 1) Thepoisoning results from the ingestion of grayanotoxin contaminated honey. Theother ways that it can get into your system is if you consume plant parts. Everypart of the plant is poisonous, the flowers, nectar, honey, and especially theleaves, which contain more. In humans, symptoms of poisoning occur six hoursafter a dose. These symptoms include salivation, vomiting, very low bloodpressure, loss of coordination, muscular weakness, slow and irregular heartbeat,and comas, followed by death in extreme cases. (U.S. FDA,2) All organisms suchas animals and humans are affected in the same way. The treatments are to inducevomiting, or perform gastric lavage, replace fluids and maintain electrolytebalance, monitor heart beat, blood pressure and breathing. Even though the casesreported have been rare, people still should become aware of this toxin. Housepets eat the plants, children do also, so they should be taught to stay awayfrom these plants.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)